Staff of office
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A staff of office is a staff, the carrying of which often denotes an official's position, a social rank or a degree of social prestige.
Apart from the ecclesiastical and ceremonial usages mentioned below, there are less formal usages. A gold- or silver-topped cane can express social standing (or dandyism). Teachers or prefects in schools traditionally carried less elaborate canes which marked their right (and potential threat) to administer canings, and military officers carry a residual threat of physical punishment in their swagger sticks. Orchestral conductors have in their batons symbols of authority as well as tools of their trade.
Sigmund Freud related the carrying of a stick to phallic symbolism.
Ecclesiastical use
Church sidesmen or dodsmen bear sticks or rods or wands of office; bishops may use a crozier or crook.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church and some of the Oriental Orthodox Churches an ecclesiastical walking stick is used by bishops, archimandrites and hegumens (abbots) when walking outside. It is usually made of dark wood and is straight, rather than having a curved handle. The walking stick used by bishops and archimandrites is normally adorned with a silver grip at the top and a metal ferrule at the tip. The walking stick used by a hegumen or hegumenia (abbess) is normally of plain wood, unadorned.
The walking stick is not used in any liturgical context, except to the extent that when a bishop is formally received at the beginning of the service, he will carry it as he walks into the church. An altar server will usually take it from him when he enters the narthex and return it to him when he leaves at the end of the service.
Officers oversee staff sections, Senior Enlisted Personnel task personnel in the maintenance of tactical equipment and vehicles. Senior Analysts are tasked with the finalizing of reports, and enlisted personnel participate in the acquisition of information from subordinate staffs and units.
The purpose of a military staff is mainly that of providing accurate, timely information which by category represents information on which command decisions are based. The key application is that of decisions that effectively manage unit resources. While information flow toward the commander is a priority, information that is useful or contingent in nature is communicated to lower staffs and units.
History
Prior to the late 18th century, there was generally no organizational support for staff functions such as military intelligence, logistics, planning or personnel. Unit commanders handled such functions for their units, with informal help from subordinates who were usually not trained for or assigned to a specific task.
After 1806, Prussia's military academies trained mid-level officers in specialist staff skills. In 1814, Prussia formally established by law a central military command General Staff and a separate General Staff for each division and corps.
Despite some professional and political issues with the Prussian system, their General Staff concept has been adopted by many large armies in existence today.
An exception to this is the U.S. military. While the U.S. armed forces have adopted the staff organizational structure described below, the General Staff concept has been largely rejected. This is partly due to U.S. concern that the professional members of General Staffs have historically demonstrated a tendency to lose touch with the operational forces they direct, and have occasionally come regard their judgements as as equal to, if not superior to, the civilian governments they nominally serve. The German General Staffs of both World Wars serve as examples of the down-side of the General Staff concept in implementation. The National Security Act of 1947 instead created a Joint Staff populated by military members who, rather than becoming career staff officers on the German General Staff model, rotate into (and back out of) Joint Staff positions on a regular basis. Under this scheme, operational command and control of military forces are not the province of Joint Staff, but that of Combatant Commanders, who report to the Commander-in-Chief through the Secretary of Defense.
The element prefixes are:
The staff numbers are assigned according to custom not hierarchy, traceable back to French practice; i.e., 1 is not "higher ranking" than 2. Since the original continental staff system, only covered branches 1 through 6, it is not uncommon to see 7 though 9 omitted or having various meanings. This list reflects the SHAP structure:
Thus, the personnel officer of a naval headquarters would be referred to as N1. In reality, in large organizations each of these staff functions will require the support of its own large staff, so N1 refers both to the office and the officer in charge of it. The continental staff system can be carried down to the next level: J1.3 (or J13 - sometimes the dot-separator is omitted) is thus the operations officer of the personnel office of a joint headquarters, but the exact definition of the roles at this level may vary. Below this, numbers can be attached following a hyphen, but these are usually only positional numbers assigned arbitrarily to identify individuals (G2.3-2 could be the budget officer in the operations section of the intelligence department; A1.1-1-1 might simply be a receptionist).
In U.S. military staff structure, all medical equipment, consumables, support equipment and vehicles, i.e., tents, ambulances, etc., are included in the Logistics office. All medical personnel are members of the Logistics team. The senior medical officer and/or senior medical enlisted member also report directly to the commanding officer. In other words, the medical support required by a unit is considered to be a logistics "function" and all that it takes to perform that functions are considered logistics "assets."
"The British did have staff officers as far back as the Crimean War working in these three cells but staff work was looked at with great disdain in the British Army and only became acceptable after the terrible hardships of the Crimean war, brought on by disorganization"The General Staff in Britain was formed in 1905, and reoganized again in 1908.
Unlike the the Prussian staff system, the British Army was thought too small to support separate staff and command career streams. Officers would typically alternate between staff and command.
In the British system, "staff" is outranked by "command" officers. The staff cannot in theory (and largely in practice) say "no" to a subordinate unit; only the Commander has that ability. In the British system the principle staff officers at any HQ were always outranked by the subordinate commanders, but this is not the case in the US system:
By contrast, in the American system, commanders are frequently outranked by staff officers. For example, within a battalion the S3 is a major while company commanders are captains. There is no doubt that staff officers can, and do, give orders to subordinate commanders.
Q Branch handled logistics, supply, transport, clothing, maintenance. There was usually one GSO III officer, with a learner Captain or Lieutenant, and several advisors, all Captains:
The A and Q staff were headed by a Colonel AQ was head of the combined "A" and "Q" staffs, and assisted by an AA&QMG (Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, rank Lieutenant Colonel).
Members of the G staff:
A branch was headed by Assistant Adjutant General (AAG, rank Brigadier). He was assisted by the Deputy Assistant Adjutant General (DAAG, rank Lieutenant Colonel).
Q branch was headed by the Assistant Quartermaster General (AQMG rank Brigadier).
The G staff for a corps might appear as below:
Apart from the ecclesiastical and ceremonial usages mentioned below, there are less formal usages. A gold- or silver-topped cane can express social standing (or dandyism). Teachers or prefects in schools traditionally carried less elaborate canes which marked their right (and potential threat) to administer canings, and military officers carry a residual threat of physical punishment in their swagger sticks. Orchestral conductors have in their batons symbols of authority as well as tools of their trade.
Sigmund Freud related the carrying of a stick to phallic symbolism.
Ecclesiastical use
Church sidesmen or dodsmen bear sticks or rods or wands of office; bishops may use a crozier or crook.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church and some of the Oriental Orthodox Churches an ecclesiastical walking stick is used by bishops, archimandrites and hegumens (abbots) when walking outside. It is usually made of dark wood and is straight, rather than having a curved handle. The walking stick used by bishops and archimandrites is normally adorned with a silver grip at the top and a metal ferrule at the tip. The walking stick used by a hegumen or hegumenia (abbess) is normally of plain wood, unadorned.
The walking stick is not used in any liturgical context, except to the extent that when a bishop is formally received at the beginning of the service, he will carry it as he walks into the church. An altar server will usually take it from him when he enters the narthex and return it to him when he leaves at the end of the service.
Ceremonial use
Monarchs often have a sceptre signifying their office. There are also offices which take their titles from their staff, such as Black Rod and the Tipstaff. Some corporate bodies use maces.See also
- Ceremonial weapon
Staff (military)
A military staff is a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commanding officer and subordinate military units.Officers oversee staff sections, Senior Enlisted Personnel task personnel in the maintenance of tactical equipment and vehicles. Senior Analysts are tasked with the finalizing of reports, and enlisted personnel participate in the acquisition of information from subordinate staffs and units.
The purpose of a military staff is mainly that of providing accurate, timely information which by category represents information on which command decisions are based. The key application is that of decisions that effectively manage unit resources. While information flow toward the commander is a priority, information that is useful or contingent in nature is communicated to lower staffs and units.
Contents
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Building of the General Staff of the Russian Empire in Palace Square, St Petersburg.
Berthier and Napoleon
The first modern use of a General Staff was in the French Revolutionary Wars, when General Louis Alexandre Berthier was assigned as Chief of Staff to the French Army of Italy in 1795. Berthier was able to establish a well organized staff support team. Napoleon Bonaparte took over the army the following year and rapidly came to appreciate Berthier's system, adopting it for his own headquarters, although Napoleon's usage was limited to his own command group.Prussian system
Prussia also adopted a similar system in the following years. Initially, the Prussian Army assigned a limited number of technical expert officers to support field commanders. Before 1805, however, reforms had added management of intelligence and contingency planning to the staff's duties. Later, the practice was initiated of rotating officers from command to staff assignments and back to familiarize them with both aspects of military operations, a practice that, with the addition of enlisted personnel, continues to be used.After 1806, Prussia's military academies trained mid-level officers in specialist staff skills. In 1814, Prussia formally established by law a central military command General Staff and a separate General Staff for each division and corps.
Despite some professional and political issues with the Prussian system, their General Staff concept has been adopted by many large armies in existence today.
An exception to this is the U.S. military. While the U.S. armed forces have adopted the staff organizational structure described below, the General Staff concept has been largely rejected. This is partly due to U.S. concern that the professional members of General Staffs have historically demonstrated a tendency to lose touch with the operational forces they direct, and have occasionally come regard their judgements as as equal to, if not superior to, the civilian governments they nominally serve. The German General Staffs of both World Wars serve as examples of the down-side of the General Staff concept in implementation. The National Security Act of 1947 instead created a Joint Staff populated by military members who, rather than becoming career staff officers on the German General Staff model, rotate into (and back out of) Joint Staff positions on a regular basis. Under this scheme, operational command and control of military forces are not the province of Joint Staff, but that of Combatant Commanders, who report to the Commander-in-Chief through the Secretary of Defense.
Continental staff system
Most NATO countries have adopted the continental staff system (also known as the general staff system) in structuring their militaries' staff functions. In this system, which is based on one originally employed in by the French Army in the 19th century, each staff position in a headquarters or unit is assigned a letter-prefix corresponding to the formation's element and one or more numbers specifying a role.The element prefixes are:
- A, for Air Force headquarters;
- C, for combined headquarters (multiple nations) headquarters;
- F, for certain forward or deployable headquarters;
- G, for Army or Marines headquarters division level and above ("General" or "Ground");
- J, for Joint (multiple services) headquarters;
- N, for Navy headquarters; and
- S, for staff roles within headquarters of organizations commanded usually by an officer with the rank of major or above (e.g., divisional brigades, regiments, groups, battalions, and squadrons; not used by all countries).
The staff numbers are assigned according to custom not hierarchy, traceable back to French practice; i.e., 1 is not "higher ranking" than 2. Since the original continental staff system, only covered branches 1 through 6, it is not uncommon to see 7 though 9 omitted or having various meanings. This list reflects the SHAP structure:
- 1, for personnel and administration
- 2, for intelligence and security
- 3, for operations
- 4, for logistics
- 5, for plans
- 6, for signal (i.e., communications or IT)
- 7, for training.
- 8, for finance and contracts. Also known as "resource management".
- 9, for CIMIC or civil affairs.
Thus, the personnel officer of a naval headquarters would be referred to as N1. In reality, in large organizations each of these staff functions will require the support of its own large staff, so N1 refers both to the office and the officer in charge of it. The continental staff system can be carried down to the next level: J1.3 (or J13 - sometimes the dot-separator is omitted) is thus the operations officer of the personnel office of a joint headquarters, but the exact definition of the roles at this level may vary. Below this, numbers can be attached following a hyphen, but these are usually only positional numbers assigned arbitrarily to identify individuals (G2.3-2 could be the budget officer in the operations section of the intelligence department; A1.1-1-1 might simply be a receptionist).
Personnel or administration
The personnel and administration officer supervises personnel and administration systems. This department functions as the essential administrative liaison between the subordinate units and the headquarters, handling personnel actions coming from the bottom up (such as a request for an award be given to a particular soldier) or from the top down (such as orders being received from the army level directing a particular soldier be reassigned to a new unit outside the command). In army units, this person is often called the Adjutant. S1 also Deals with postal mailing office.Intelligence / security / information operations
The intelligence section is responsible for collecting and analyzing intelligence information about the enemy to determine what the enemy is doing, or might do, to prevent the accomplishment of the unit's mission. This office may also control maps and geographical information systems and data. At the unit level, the S2 is the unit's security officer, and the S2 section manages all security clearance issues for the unit's personnel.Operations
Main article: Operations (military staff)
The operations office, which may include plans and training. The operations office plans and coordinates operations, and all things necessary to enable the formation to operate and accomplish its mission. In most units, the operations office is the largest of the staff sections and considered the most important. All aspects of sustaining the unit's operations, planning future operations, and additionally planning and executing all unit training, fall under the responsibility of operations. The operations office is also tasked with keeping track of the weekly training schedules. In most military units, the operations officer, carries the same rank as the executive officer(xo).Logistics
The logistics office is responsible for managing logistical support and providing all manner of supplies and services such as ammunition, fuel, food, water, maintenance, materials, engineering, and transportation.In U.S. military staff structure, all medical equipment, consumables, support equipment and vehicles, i.e., tents, ambulances, etc., are included in the Logistics office. All medical personnel are members of the Logistics team. The senior medical officer and/or senior medical enlisted member also report directly to the commanding officer. In other words, the medical support required by a unit is considered to be a logistics "function" and all that it takes to perform that functions are considered logistics "assets."
Plans
The plans office, responsible for military affairs or strategy.Communications and/or IT
The communications office directs all communications and is the point of contact for the issue of communications instructions and protocol during operations as well as for communications troubleshooting, issue, and preventative maintenance. Communications at this level is paired with digital as well as voice(radio, computer, etc). At the unit level, S6 is also usually responsible for all electronic systems within a unit to include computers, faxes, copy machines, and phone systems.Training
The training branch will organize and coordinate training activity conducted by a Headquarters and also supervise and support subordinate units.Finance
The finance branch, not to be confused with Administration from which it has split, sets the finance policy for the operation. Operationally, the Administration and Finance may be interlinked, but have separate reporting chains.CIMIC
Civil Military Co-operation or Civil Affairs are the activities that establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between the military forces, the government or nongovernment civilian organisations and authorities, and the civilian populace in a friendly, neutral, or hostile area of operations in order to facilitate military operations and consolidate and achieve mission objectives. See Army FM 41-10British / Commonwealth Staff
Up until relatively recently the UK operated its own system, with three branches:- G Branch. The General branch, responsible for operations and intelligence.
- A Branch. The Administration branch, responsible for all aspects of personnel management.
- Q Branch. The Quartermaster branch, responsible for logistic and equipment support.
- GSO1 General Staff Officer (Grade 1). The chief of staff, ranked a lieutenant colonel or colonel. He was in charge of the General Staff Branch, responsible for training, intelligence, planning operations and directing the battle as it progressed. Most orders from the General Officer Commanding (GOC) were actually written up and signed by the GSO1.
- GSO2 General Staff Officer (Grade 2) Ranked a major.
- GSO3 General Staff Officer (Grade 3) Ranked a captain.
"The British did have staff officers as far back as the Crimean War working in these three cells but staff work was looked at with great disdain in the British Army and only became acceptable after the terrible hardships of the Crimean war, brought on by disorganization"The General Staff in Britain was formed in 1905, and reoganized again in 1908.
Unlike the the Prussian staff system, the British Army was thought too small to support separate staff and command career streams. Officers would typically alternate between staff and command.
In the British system, "staff" is outranked by "command" officers. The staff cannot in theory (and largely in practice) say "no" to a subordinate unit; only the Commander has that ability. In the British system the principle staff officers at any HQ were always outranked by the subordinate commanders, but this is not the case in the US system:
- Lieutenant Colonels commanding units in a brigade outrank the Brigade Major and the Deputy Assistant Adjutant & Quartermaster General
- Brigadiers commanding brigades in a division outrank the Colonel GS and Colonel AQ
- Major Generals commanding divisions outrank the Brigadier GS and Assistant Adjutant General and Assistant Quartermaster General at a Corps HQ
By contrast, in the American system, commanders are frequently outranked by staff officers. For example, within a battalion the S3 is a major while company commanders are captains. There is no doubt that staff officers can, and do, give orders to subordinate commanders.
Brigade Level
G branch (operations) plans and executes operations. The senior staff officer in Brigade HQ was a Brigade Major (BM, rank Major) who coordinated the HQ. While the BM was responsible for the entire HQ, he concetrated mainly on "G" operational matters. A deputy BM GSO III generally looked after non-operational matters. Under the BM were several GSO III (rank captain) officers:- Operations (the senior captain)
- Intelligence
- Liason. The Liason section often had several Lieutenants attached from the brigade's combat units.
- Air
Q Branch handled logistics, supply, transport, clothing, maintenance. There was usually one GSO III officer, with a learner Captain or Lieutenant, and several advisors, all Captains:
- BRASCO (Brigade Royal Army Service Corps Officer)
- BOO (Brigade Ordance Officer)
- BEME Brigade Electrical and Mechanical Engineer Officer
Division Level
G Branch was under the Colonel GS (a Lieutenant-Colonel).The A and Q staff were headed by a Colonel AQ was head of the combined "A" and "Q" staffs, and assisted by an AA&QMG (Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, rank Lieutenant Colonel).
Members of the G staff:
- A GSO II, acting as deputy to the GSO I. He was responsible for the preparation of orders and instructions as directed by the GSO I; the general organization and working of the "G" office; detailing of duty officers at the Div HQ; coordinating arrangements for moving the Main HQ; details of movement by road in consultation with the DAAG and DAQMG; and general policy regarding HQ defence and the preparation and promulgation of HQ standing orders. (In an Armoured Division Headquarters, the GSO II was responsible for the Division Tactical HQ and the above duties were done by the GSO III (Operations).)
- The GSO III (Operations) was the understudy to the GSO II; he maintained the situation map; prepared situation reports; supervised the acknowledgment register; maintained the command matrix; prepared orders for the move of the Orders Group; and prepared orders for the move of the Division's Main HQ.
- The GSO III (Operations)(Chemical Warfare) was responsible for all matters dealing with Chemical Warfare that affected the division; coordinated courses; was responsible for the camouflage policy; maintained the war diary; prepared and maintained location statements; received and distributed codes, call sign lists and other signals information from the divisional signals; coordinated traffic control and organization of routes in the divisional forward area under the GSO II and APM; was understudy to the GSO III (Operations) on all matters less CW.
- The GSO III (Intelligence) coordinated all intelligence training and work in the division; coordinated the collection and collation of information about enemy dispositions, methods and intentions; prepared daily intelligence summaries; coordinated interpretation of air photographs with the Army Photographic Interpretation Section (APIS); effected liaison with the APIS, the field security office and the Intelligence Officer, Royal Artillery (at CRA); and was responsible for briefing and handling of press correspondents.
- The GSO III (Liaison) coordinated the work of the Liaison Officers, was responsible for the division information room and served as an understudy to the GSO III (Operations).
Corps Level
G branch was headed by the Brigadier General Staff (BGS, rank Brigadier). The BGS was usually superior to the AAG and AQMG, despite all three being ranked the same.A branch was headed by Assistant Adjutant General (AAG, rank Brigadier). He was assisted by the Deputy Assistant Adjutant General (DAAG, rank Lieutenant Colonel).
Q branch was headed by the Assistant Quartermaster General (AQMG rank Brigadier).
The G staff for a corps might appear as below:
- Operations and Staff Duties:
- GSO I
- GSO II (Ops)
- GSO II (Ops)(CW)
- GSO II (SD) - Staff Duties
- 2x GSO III (SD)
- Air:
- GSO II (Air)
- Intelligence:
- GSO II (Int)
- 2x GSO III (Int)
- Liaison:
- GSO II (L)
- 3x GSO III (L)
- Royal Artillery:
- GSO II (RA)
- GSO II (AA)
- GSO III (RA)
See Also
- Brigade Major, BM
- Commander, Royal Artillery CRA
- Canadian Rank and Appointment Abbreviations
- Staff Officers
International
- People's Liberation Army General Staff Department (People's Republic of China)
- German General Staff
- Hellenic National Defense General Staff (Greece)
- Hellenic Army General Staff (Greece)
- General Staff (Israel)
- Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
- Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
- Polish General Staff
- General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
- Turkish General Staff
- General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces
- Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)
- Chiefs of Staff Committee (U.K.)
- Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S.)
- List of active duty United States four-star officers
- General officers in the United States
- Headquarters and headquarters company (U.S.)
- Stavka (Russia)
- Military Staff Committee#Organisation of the MSC (United Nations)
- United Nations#Peacekeeping and security
- Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE)
See also
- Command and control (military)
- Staff college
- Manuel de Landa's War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1991)
- Chief of the General Staff
- Generalissimo
- Général
- General Officer
Further reading
- Hittle, James Donald The Military Staff: Its History and Development (Military Service Publishing, 1952).
- Bartholomees, J. Boone Buff Facings and Gilt Buttons: Staff and Headquarters Operations in the Army of Northern Virginia, 1861-1865 (University of South Carolina Press, 1998) ISBN1570032203.
- Crosswell, D.K.R. The Chief of Staff: The Military Career of General Walter Bedell Smith (Greenwood Press, 1991) ISBN 0313274800.
- Goerlitz, Walter History of the German General Staff 1657 - 1945 (Praeger 1954).
- Jones, R. Steven J The Right Hand of Command: Use and Disuse of Personal Staffs in the American Civil War (Stackpole Books, 2000) ISBN 0811714519.
- Koch, Oscar W. G-2: Intelligence for Patton: Intelligence for Patton (Schiffer Aviation History, 1999) ISBN 0764308009.
- Watson, S.J. By Command of the Emperor: A Life of Marshal Berthier (Ken Trotman Ltd) ISBN 094687946X.
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